Simplistically Conceptualized for the Lay and the Non-Scientists

on the 

Extinction Shift Principle

Glossary of Terms

A Brief Historical Review

It is helpful to recall that, before Einstein's Special (1905) and General (1920) Relativity, the Physics of the wave mechanics and the interactions based on electromagnetism and gravitation was understood with the geometry of essentially Euclidean Space, thought to require no modifications or distortions, using essentially intuitive measures in a three-dimensional space. The velocities were logically added under the rules of Galilean Transformations of Velocities.  The time intervals, the lengths, the masses and the energies were treated classically and separately.

As Physics became more advanced and as the velocities and energies increased, the explanations of the phenomena of light and the interactions based on electromagnetism were thought to require additional modifications of the media of space and the concept to time.  Also, before Einstein, a number of ether theorists, such as Larmor and Lorentz, attempted to introduce Luminiferous Ether as an explanation to the observations of the countless number of experiments pertaining to the apparent constancy of the velocity of light.  Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) introduced his idea of "l'espace-temps" the space-time in 1905 before Einstein explicitly quantified the concept much later in 1916. These ideas represented the period trend to modify or distort the geometry of the intuitive measures of space and time in order to force the theory to agree with the reality of observations.  These efforts essentially caused the death of logical pathways that would have required only the application of pure classical treatments to explain the physical phenomena.

The emission theorists such as Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827), Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), Sir David Brewster (1781-1868) and Walter Ritz (1878-1909) never got to complete the very important fundamentals, the pure classical ideas that were base on the correct principles of optics that seemed to be, at that time, on the correct path.

Many emission theories have come and gone in the past century.  The Extinction Shift Principle that is being presented here is an emission theory. Before we discuss the Extinction Shift Principle let us first of all discuss briefly just what an emission theory is all about and the issues at hand.

Since the beginning of modern science, the presence of the physical influences in nature surrounding the invisible force fields, i.e., that of the gravitational, the magnetic and the electric fields of force, have been of extreme interest to scientists and to non-scientists alike.  These 3 types of fields in nature have played and continue to play significant roles and perhaps some of the greatest roles in our everyday lives, as they are easily observed, as they exhibit very visible effects that the real-world observers, you and I, can detect.

The mystery surrounding the gravitational force fields continues to challenge the imagination of all of us, ever since Galileo {1564-1642} dropped the stones from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.  Galileo demonstrated that the heavy stone and the light stone both reached the ground at the same time when they were released at the same moment. This was a clear and concise demonstration of laws of nature at work surrounding the gravitational fields, that force in nature responsible for holding us firmly attached to the heavenly body Earth, our spaceship that whirls us and our whole world about the sun at the speed of approximately 30 kilometers per second.  It is the very same force field responsible for binding the planets to orbital motion about the sun.  The very same force field binds the billions of stars about their galactic centers.

The magnetic fields spark the imagination of children as they play with the bar magnets and spools of current flown wires that set up magnetic fields to influence the compass needles.  Abiding by a different set of physical science rules, the magnetic force fields are as perplexing as the gravitational fields, if not more.  The magnetic fields, unlike the gravitational fields, exhibit forces of physical repulsion as well as physical attraction.  The magnetic field of magnetically charged bodies always comes in pairs of both polarities, that of the "north" pole and that of the "south" pole, just as the Earth has the intrinsic magnetic charge exhibited at the two pole regions of the Earth as if there were a big giant magnetic bar embedded inside of the planet Earth. The children learn immediately that the two like poles repel one another while the unlike poles attract one another. Science has not found to this date a single case of an isolated magnetic charge, i.e., a single "north" charge isolated from its cousin, the "south" charge, or a single "south" charge isolated from the "north" charge.  In other words, there have been no mono-poles of magnetism discovered to this date.  Hence, a principle of electromagnetism: "no mono-poles".

Like magnetism, the electric field has two possible polarities of charge, the "+" and the "-" polarities.  The unlike charges attract while the like charges repel one another.  Unlike magnetism, the electric charges can exist in isolation. Thus, a different set of rules in electromagnetism can be assigned to the electric fields.

If I were to take a vote, I would say that the field that is most familiar to us all is that of the gravitational field.  From the very first day that a child learns to walk, a standard familiarization with gravitation takes place. Yet, an intuitive reason for gravitation escapes all modern science.  No scientist today in his/her honesty can explain to you the why.

A very important note: a sidetrack on gravitation, the only field that has no repulsion, could amass to overwhelming potentials, overcoming all other physical forces in nature, as the universe possesses unthinkable quantities of matter.  It should be noted that:  A black hole, where it is assumed that the gravitation is so intense, due to the presence of so much matter, that an escape velocity from the surface of a black hole would have to be greater than the velocity of light. A tiny piece of a black hole the size of a grain of sand would weigh as much as Planet Earth. A feather would weigh in on the surface of a black hole at billions of tons.

The orthodox position, including that of Relativity, is that the gravitational field of the black hole is so intense that nothing could escape from it, not even light.

A pure classical position on this matter, according to the principal axioms of the Extinction Shift Principle  is that a photon of light can never be emitted from a black hole. There are simply no photons created there.

All forms of matter known to modern science would cease to exist after any event of a gravitational collapse. This is thereby consistent with the astrophysical observations and the conventional wisdom taken that there are no photons leaving the vicinity of a black hole. Logic would have it that, since gravitation has, according to Relativity, the very same velocity as that of light, then a graviton particle would not be able to catch up with an escaping photon anyway. Thus, there are simply no photon emitters present in the vicinity of a black hole. 

But, still, the mystery surrounding all of the fields has been primarily that of the rapidity with which these force fields act in nature.  That is to say, the velocity with which the force fields act or how fast they transmit their forces.  The question is, how fast does the field move relative to its source?  If one child played with a bar magnet and caused it to exhibit a force of attraction or repulsion against another magnet held by a second child, one may ask:  How fast does the force field move from one child to the other if one of the children initiated an action with the magnet?  If child "A" causes his/her magnet to attract the magnetic field of the magnet of child "B" and the distance between the two magnets is "D", how long would it take to transmit the field of force between the separated magnets held by the two children?  From experiment and classical Physics, the answer is found, according to the elementary rate formula, to be t = D/c, where the time in seconds is t, the distance in meters is D and the velocity of electromagnetic radiation relative to its source is c.

The parameter c is that of the velocity of light constant which has been measured very accurately to be about 299,792,458 meters per second in vacuum.  It has also been found from experiment that a magnetic field moves with that same velocity.  The magnetic field transmits its action of force at the very same velocity as the electric field transmits its action of force. The electromagnetic waves, the radio and TV broadcast waves, microwaves, light, infrared, ultraviolet, and all other forms of electromagnetic waves, which are just waves of different wavelengths, have been found to move or propagate at the very same velocity relative to their primary sources. But, that is not the issue here at all.

The real issues here are the velocities with which these fields move in free space relative to a stationary frame of reference {one that is not moving} if the source of these fields were in motion.  The question is: does the logical addition of velocities principle apply to the force fields mentioned above?

Glossary of Terms

Let's give an example of a use of the logical addition of velocities. Say for instance, a moving escalator like the ones found at airports, moved along with constant velocity v. Any person standing on it would be transported at the velocity v.  If the person decided to walk in the same direction of motion of the escalator and his/her walking speed is c, then that person would move along at a faster rate, namely at the added velocity of c+v. If the airport decided to change the direction of motion of the escalator and assign the reverse velocity of -v, then the person would move at a reduced velocity of c-v.  This is essentially a Galilean transformation c' = c+v which is a logical addition of velocities.  Here, in this example, it applies to a moving escalator which is essentially a moving source, carrying people on it who themselves could either be moving relative to the escalator or standing still relative to the escalator and be carried along with a velocity of v that is added to the person's walking speed of c.

Galilean transformations

It is very important to note that historically, at least in the past decades, the mathematical physics of Galilean transformations of velocities is a topic that is completely missing in the lecture halls of Modern Physics today. The correct use of Galilean transformations in the derivations of the effects due to significant fractions of the velocity of light and its rectilinear nature is not being addressed at all in the graduate level physics of today.  This is an essential skill needed to explain the results of important experiments in optics and the astrophysical effect. It is a skill that has been practically forgotten by physicists. A quick observation can easily be made that will reveal that the technique of the Galilean transformation is not a requirement for virtually all the Qualifying Examinations required for the Degree of the Ph.D. in Physics.   The fatal flaws in most mathematical physics illustrations of the Galilean transformations are that a) the undisturbed not-yet-measured length is not honored or considered in the application of the transformations and b) the transitions between frames of reference do not leave the undisturbed phenomenon intact, i.e., the physics of the primary wavelength or primary velocity of the undisturbed wave is hitherto not treated.

In the undergraduate and graduate level textbooks, one will see that the Galilean transformation is incorrectly applied when illustrating the invariance of the wave equations. In the standard texts, consistently, the undisturbed wavelength is not correctly treated between the primed and the unprimed frames of reference, thereby resulting in a fundamental error in the calculus. This has lead to the incorrect consensus of a non-invariance of the wave equations under the electrodynamics of Galilean transformations.  Reference for instance the Thornton/Rex, Modern Physics for Engineers and Scientists, Saunders College Publishing 1993. p.21, Problems on p. 59.  Also, D. Holliday, R. Resnick and J. Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, Extended 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1993. 

This Galilean transformation is essentially the very same transformation used in the electrodynamics of the fields discussed in the Extinction Shift Principle here.  It has been mathematically illustrated that the technique of Galilean transformations successfully accomplishes the solutions to problems in electrodynamics and gravitation without having to resort to the complex, non-intuitive tools of Relativity.  The results were published in the book, "Discourses & Mathematical Illustrations pertaining to the Extinction Shift Principle under the Electrodynamics of Galilean Transformations".   It is the mathematical tool used to explain the physical effects of the electric fields that interact on the charged masses resulting in an apparent mass dependency on velocity.  The equation for an effective mass rather than a relativistic mass is derived using only Galilean transformations. The resulting equation is the very same equation derived using Relativity, but for reasons based purely on logical addition of velocities. 

A similar approach using the very same Galilean transformation of velocities of the fields of Gravitation was carried out. For instance, the effect of the orbit of the planet Mercury, due to the relative motion of Mercury and the gravitational field set up by the sun was carried out, only this time the geometry of the elliptical orbit, the logical addition of velocities of Mercury relative to the gravitational field of the sun was applied to the Kepler problem to calculate a simple Galilean transit time effect, assuming that the sun and the planet Mercury communicated with one another via their gravitational fields, propagating with velocities that were a function of the relative motion of the one body and the others field.  Here, we just simply assume that our two heavenly bodies, the sun and the planet Mercury tossed particles "say gravitons" back and forth to one another.  The velocities of the gravitons obeyed the principle of the Galilean transformation of velocities. 

The very same approach used for the well known PSR 1913+16 binary pulsar neutron star system resulted in convincing mathematical proof for the correctness of the Galilean transformation of velocities applied to fields of Gravitation.  The bottom line results were exactly the same calculated results using the cumbersome techniques of Relativity.  Only this time, only Galilean transformation of velocities in the intuitive coordinate system of Euclidean Space Geometry taught in elementary school was used to get to the final answers.

It should be noted that:  Relativity assumes the velocity of propagation of gravitation to be that of the velocity of light c = 299,792,458 meters per second . It should also be noted that: No accurate measurement for the propagation velocity of gravitation exists in modern science. Current technical means challenges the short-duration-pulse modulation of the fields of gravitation required for precision measurements. However, using the same value of c for the velocity of gravitation, the Extinction Shift Principle results here gets exactly the same results for the Mercury and the PSR 1913+16 binary pulsar neutron star perihelion rotation effects as Relativity, i.e., 42.988 arcsec/century and 4.2265 degrees per year, respectively. 

Unlike Relativity, the Extinction Shift Principle described here uses only the logical Galilean transformation of velocities applied to all the problems solved in the book.  This principle is an Emission Theory that assumes that there is some entity in nature that chooses to have particles {unseen} emitted from their sources, i.e., particles of force, a force field moving at a finite velocity c relative to their most primary sources.  All mass bodies, the sun, the Earth and the moon emit particles of "gravitons" at velocity c relative to themselves. The electrically charged bodies emit photons at a finite velocity c relative to themselves.  If the bodies, the sources of the particles moved, then the particles would move with an added velocity, strictly obeying the intuitive rules of the Galilean transformation of velocities c' = c+v. 

The problems of the solar light bending effect and that of the gravitational redshift were both approached using the very same general pure classical Physics rule I have coined here as the Extinction Shift Principle.

One final treatment that was totally missed by earlier emission theorists is the concept of extinction due to the unavoidable consequence of the measurement.  For that reason, the coined expression of the Extinction Shift  was chosen.  Any measurement would result in the annihilation of the primary wave or primary photon.  As a consequence, the lenses, windows and mirrors of the measuring instrument become secondary sources, annihilating or extinguishing the primary wave.  Hence, a secondary wave is re-emitted from the windows or lenses, which themselves become the secondary sources.  Similarly, a measurement on secondary wave would result in a tertiary wave, causing yet another extinction and so forth.

The rules for calculating the results as a consequence of the above may be given by a set of principal axioms.

What are the principal axioms?

In any emission theory, there are various combinations of light paths that need to be considered for theoretically interpreting the results pertaining to electromagnetic emissions. The experiment always pertains to a source {primary emitter}, an interference {one or more secondary sources of emission or re-emitters} and an observer {detector}.  The principal axioms pertain to the various combinations of the state of the source, the interference and the observer and the direct application of the Galilean transformations to derive the observed frequencies, wavelengths and velocities in Euclidean Space. For instance, one experiment may involve a fixed source, a fixed interferer and a moving observer. Another experiment may involve a moving source, a fixed interferer and a moving observer. Still another experiment may involve a fixed source, a moving interferer and a fixed observer. And so on ...  As a direct consequence of the above, we are denied all observations of the primary photon or primary wave.  Our windows, mirrors and lenses will always extinguish the primary emissions.

Similarly, for the case of gravitation, a given primary mass particle may be considered as the source of a primary field  that perturbed a secondary mass particle, the source of a secondary field.  The  secondary field of this mass conveys indirect information on the primary mass particle via its secondary field to yet a third tertiary mass or some sensor mass under influence of the fields. For example, the earth-moon system represents such a primary mass-to-secondary mass particle system whereby there is an exchange of gravitons between the two particles, the earth and the moon.  We know that from direct observation of our earth, the direct effect of the tidal forces acting upon the earth, gives us indirect information of the state of the moon.

From here on, further details on the Extinction Shift Principle for the advanced reader should be smooth reading.

Glossary of Terms